Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi laser paʻa paʻa holoʻokoʻa a paʻa i waena o ka infrared （MIR） ma 6.45 um me ka mana puka awelika kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikaʻi o ka beam kokoke i Gaussian. Loaʻa ka kHz me ka ZnGeP2（ZGP）optical parametric oscillator (OPO).Ana 'ia ka 'awelika o ka nui o ka beam he M2=1.19.
Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokūpaʻaʻia ka mana o ka mana kiʻekiʻe, me ka loli o ka mana ma lalo o 1.35% rms ma luna o 2 h, a hiki i ka laser ke holo maikaʻi no kaʻoi aku o 500 mau hola. Hoʻāʻo ʻia ka ʻiʻo o ka lolo. Eia kekahi, ʻike ʻia ka hopena hōʻino koʻikoʻi no ka manawa mua, i ka maikaʻi o ko mākou ʻike, a hōʻike nā hopena i kēia MIR laser he ablation maikaʻi loa, e lilo ia i mea pani no nā laser electron manuahi.©2022 Optica Publishing Group

https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.446336

Loaʻa ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka radiation laser Mid-infrared (MIR) 6.45 um i nā kahua lapaʻau kiʻekiʻe ma muli o kona pono o ka nui ablation rate a me ka hōʻino liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi 【1】. Nā laser electron manuahi （FELs），strontium vapor lasers,gas. ʻO nā lasers Raman, a me nā lasers solid-state e pili ana i ka optical paramet-ric oscillator (OPO) a i ʻole ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana o ka ʻokoʻa (DFG) i nā kumu laser 6,45 um. application.Strontium vapor lasers a me gas Raman lasers hiki ke loaʻa nā pūʻali i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, akā ʻaʻole maikaʻi nā mea ʻelua, ʻoi aku ka pōkole.
vice ola, a koi paʻakikī mālama. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina i ka 6.45 um solid-state lasers e hana i ka liʻiliʻi thermal dam-makahiki laulā i loko o ke kino kikoo a me ko lakou ablation hohonu hohonu ma mua o ko ka FEL ma lalo o nā kūlana like, i hōʻoia 'ia hiki ia lakou. e hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he koho kūpono no ka FELs no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kiko biological 【2】. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i nā lasers solid-state nā mea maikaʻi o kahi hale paʻa, kūpaʻa maikaʻi, a

ʻO ka hana papa, e hoʻohiki iā lākou i nā mea hana no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kumu kukui a6.45μn.E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, hoʻokani nā kristal infrared nonlinear i kahi hana koʻikoʻi i ke kaʻina hoʻololi pinepine i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokō i nā lasers MIR kiʻekiʻe. kūpono i ka hana ʻana i nā lasers MIR. ʻO kēia mau kristal ka hapa nui o nā chalcogenides, e like me AgGaS2 （AGS）【3,41，LiInS2 （LIS）【5,61， LilnSe2 （LISe）【7】，BaGaS）(BG8S) 】，a me BaGaSe（BGSe）【10-12】，me nā pūhui phosphorus CdSiP2（CSP）【13-16】a me ZnGeP2 （ZGP）【17】； ʻo nā mea ʻelua i hui pū ʻia me ka rela-ar nui. Hiki ke kiʻi ʻia ka radiation MIR me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā CSP-OPO. Akā naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā CSP-OPO e hana ana ma kahi ultrashort （pico-a me femtosecond） manawa pālākiō a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka 1 um mode-locked lasers. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana SPOPO） he hoʻonohonoho paʻakikī a he kumukūʻai. ʻO ko lākou mau mana awelika ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o 100 mW ma kahi o 6.45 um【13-16】. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka kristal CSP, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pōʻino laser ʻekolu o ZGPshold（60 MW/cm2），kahi thermal conductiv-ity kiʻekiʻe （0.36 W/cm K），a me ka coefficient nonlinear like like (75pm/V). ikehu noi 【18-221. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi lua paʻa palahalaha ZGP-OPO me kahi hoʻokani pila o 3.8-12.4 um i puhi ʻia e ka laser 2.93 um. 1.2 mJ 【201. No ka hawewe kiko'ī o 6.45 um, he maxi-mum hoʻokahi-pulse ikehu o 5.67 mJ ma ke alapine repetition o 100 Hz i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka non-planar apo ana OPO ma muli o ka ZGP crystal.Me ka repetition. alapine (frequency) o 200Hz, ka awelika mana puka o 0.95 W i hiki i 【221. E like me ko makou ike, keia ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa mana puka i loaʻa ma 6.45 um.Ke hōʻike nei nā haʻawina e kū nei he pono ka mana awelika kiʻekiʻe no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻiʻo kūpono 【23】. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi kumu laser 6.45 um mana kiʻekiʻe e lilo i mea nui i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka lāʻau olaola.Ma kēia leka, hōʻike mākou i kahi laser MIR 6.45 um maʻalahi, compact all-solid-state i loaʻa ka mana hoʻopuka awelika kiʻekiʻe a hoʻokumu ʻia ma kahi ZGP-OPO i puhi ʻia e kahi nanosecond（ns）-pulse 2.09 um.

laser.ʻO ka mana kiʻekiʻe loa o ka 6.45 um laser a hiki i ka 1.53 W me ka pulse ākea o kahi 42ns ma ke alapine repetition o 10 kHz, a loaʻa iā ia ka maikaʻi beam maikaʻi. ua noiʻi ʻia. Ke hōʻike nei kēia hana he ala kūpono ka laser no ka wehe ʻana i ka tissuc maoli, no ka mea, hana ia ma ke ʻano he scalpel laser.Kuhi ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua ma Fig.1. Hoʻomoʻi ʻia ka ZGP-OPO e kahi LD-pumped 2.09 um Ho: YAG laser i hana ʻia i ka home e hāʻawi ana i 28 W o ka mana awelika ma 10 kHz. me ka lōʻihi o ka pulse ma kahi o 102 ns ( ʻO FWHM）a me ka helu M2 ma kahi o 1.7.MI a me M2 ʻelua mau aniani 45 me kahi uhi e hoʻomanaʻo nui ʻia i ka 2.09 um. Hiki i kēia mau aniani ke hoʻomalu i ke kuhikuhi ʻana o ka pahu pahu. ,f2=100 mm）ua hoʻohana ʻia no ka hui ʻana o ka lāʻau me ke anawaena kaola ma kahi o 3.5 mm i loko o ke aniani ZGP. Hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea hoʻokaʻawale optical （ISO) e pale i ka hoʻi ʻana o ka pahu puna i ka puna puna 2.09 um. （HWP）ma 2.09 um ka hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomalu i ka polarization o ke kukui pamu. ʻO M3 a me M4 nā aniani o OPO, me ka CaF2 palahalaha i hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka mea substrate. ʻO ke aniani mua M3 he anti-reflection coated (98%) ua uhi ʻia ka lāʻau a me ka hoʻohālikelike kiʻekiʻe （98%） no ka 6.45 um idler a me 3.09 um hawewe hōʻailona. ʻO ke aniani i waho M4 ka mea hoʻomanaʻo nui (98%) ma 2.09um a me 3.09 um a ʻae i ka hoʻoili hapa o ka 6.45 um idler.Ua ʻoki ʻia ke aniani ZGP ma 6-77.6° a me 45° no ke ʻano-JⅡ hoʻohālikelike i ka pae 【2090.0 （o）6450.0 （o）+3091.9 （e）】, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no kahi kukui haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. linewidth i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano-I phase matching. ʻO nā ana o ke aniani ZGP he 5mm x 6 mm x 25 mm, a ua poni ʻia a uhi ʻia ka anti-reflection ma nā ʻaoʻao hope ʻelua no nā nalu ʻekolu i luna. i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi pā wela keleawe me ka wai hoʻoluʻu (T=16). -on-I ke ala 【17】. Ua ana ʻia ka paepae pōʻino o ka aniani ZGP he 0.11 J/cm2 ma 10 kHz. ma ka hoʻokolohua, e pili ana i ka mana kiʻekiʻe o 1.4 MW/cm2，i haʻahaʻa ma muli o ka maikaʻi ʻole ka maikaʻi o ka uhi ʻana.ʻIke ʻia ka mana hoʻopuka o ke kukui idler i hana ʻia e ka mika ikehu （D,OPHIR，1 uW a i 3 W），a nānā ʻia ka lōʻihi hawewe o ke kukui hōʻailona e kahi spectrometer (APE，1.5-6.3 m）). Loaʻa i ka mana kiʻekiʻe o 6.45 um, hoʻohana mākou i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā ʻāpana o ka OPO. Hoʻokō ʻia kahi simulation helu ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo hui ʻekolu-hawewe a me nā cquations propagation paraxial 【24,25】； i ka simulation, mākou E hoʻohana i nā ʻāpana e pili ana i nā kūlana hoʻokolohua a manaʻo i kahi pulse hoʻokomo me kahi kiʻi Gaussian ma ke ākea a me ka manawa. ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ke aniani puka OPO

ʻO ka transmittance, ka ikaika o ka pump, a me ka pono o ka hoʻopuka ʻana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka hoʻopololei ʻana i ka nui o ka beam beam i loko o ka lua e loaʻa ai ka mana kiʻekiʻe aʻe i ka manawa like e pale aku i ka pōʻino i ka kristal ZGP a me nā mea optical. W no ka hana ZGP-OPO. Hōʻike nā hopena i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻoiai ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi hui hoʻopuka maikaʻi loa me ka transmittance o 50%, ʻo ka nui o ka mana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe he 2.6 x 10 W/cm2 wale nō i ka ZGP crys-tal, a me ka mana puka maʻamau. 'oi aku ma mua o 1.5 W hiki ke loa'a. Hō'ike ka Figure 2 i ka pilina ma waena o ke ana o ka mana puka o ka mea palaualelo ma 6.45 um a me ka mana pahū hanana. Ua hiki ke 'ike 'ia mai Fig.2 e pi'i monotonously ka mana puka o ka mea palaualelo me ka ʻO ka paepae pāpaʻi e pili ana i ka mana o ka pauma awelika o 3.55WA ka mana hoʻopuka hoʻomāinoino loa o 1.53 W i loaʻa i ka mana pamu ma kahi o 18.7 W, e pili ana i ka hoʻololi hoʻololi optical-to-optical of ma kahi o 8.20%% a me ka nui o ka huli ana cfliciency o 25.31%. No ka palekana no ka manawa lōʻihi, hoʻohana ʻia ka laser ma kahi kokoke i 70% o kona mana hoʻokuʻu loa. i hōʻike ʻia ma ka inset （a） ma Fig.2. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o ka mana i ana ʻia ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 1.35%rms i ka 2 h, a hiki i ka laser ke hana maikaʻi no ka ʻoi aku ma mua o 500 mau hola. ʻO ka nalu o ka nalu hōʻailona ua ana ʻia ma kahi o ka mea palaualelo ma muli o ka palena hawewe lōʻihi o ka spectrometer （APE，1.5-6.3 um） hoʻohana ʻia i kā mākou hoʻokolohua. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hawewe hōʻailona ke kikowaena ma 3.09 um a ʻo ka laulā laina ma kahi o 0.3 nm, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana. ma ka hoʻokomo （b）o Fig.2. ʻO ka nalu waena o ka idler e unuhi ʻia he 6.45um. Ua ʻike ʻia ka laulā pulse o ka idler e kahi photodetector（Thorlabs,PDAVJ10）a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e kahi oscilloscope kikohoʻe (Tcktronix，2GHz ） 。 Hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻano nalu oscilloscope maʻamau ma Fig.3 a hōʻike i kahi laula pulse o kahi o 42 ns. ʻO ka laulā pulsehe 41.18% ka haiki no ka 6.45 um idler i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka 2.09 um pump pulse ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka manawa pōkole o ke kaʻina hoʻololi alapine nonlinear. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ka mana kiʻekiʻe o ka idler pulse he 3.56kW. ʻO ke kumu o ka beam quality factor o ka 6.45 um idler ua ana ʻia me kahi kukuna laser

mea anaana （Spiricon,M2-200-PIII）ma 1 W o ka mana puka, e like me ka hoike ana ma Fig.4. O na waiwai ana o M2 a me M，2 he 1.32 a me 1.06 ma ke axis x a me ke axis y, e like me, e like me. ʻO ka mea hoʻohālikelike o ka beam maʻamau o M2=1.19. Hōʻike ka insct o Fig.4 i ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua-dimensional (2D) beam intensity profile, nona kahi mode spatial kokoke-Gaussian. ua hoʻokō ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua hōʻoia e pili ana i ka laser ablation o ka lolo porcine. Hoʻohana ʻia kahi lens f=50 e kālele i ka 6.45 um pulse beam i kahi radius pūhaka ma kahi o 0.75 mm. ʻO ke kūlana e ablated ma ka ʻiʻo lolo porcine Hoʻonoho ʻia ma ke kiko o ka kukuna laser. ʻO ka wela o ka ʻili （T） o ke kino ola ma ke ʻano he hana o ka wahi radial r ua ana ʻia e kahi thermocamera（FLIR A615） i ka manawa o ke kaʻina ablation. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana he 1 ,2,4,6,10, a me 20 s i ka mana laser o I W.03,1.91,3.05，a me 4.14 mm ma ka aoao radial e pili ana i ke kiko waena o ke kulana irradiation, e like me ka hoike ana ma Fig.5. O na huinahalike ka ikepili wela i anaia. ma ke kūlana ablation ma ka ʻiʻo piʻi me ka piʻi ʻana o ka lōʻihi o ka irradiation. ʻO nā wela kiʻekiʻe loa T ma ke kiko waena r = 0 he 132.39,160.32,196.34，

205.57,206.95, a me 226.05C no ka lōʻihi o ka irradiation o 1,2,4,6,10, a me 20 s, e like me. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo hoʻoheheʻe wela no ka mea olaola126】 a me ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka laser i loko o ka ʻiʻo biological 【27】 i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻāpana optical o ka lolo porcine 1281.
Hana ʻia ka simulation me ka manaʻo o kahi mea hoʻokomo Gaussian beam. No ka mea, ʻo ka ʻiʻo ola i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻiʻo o ka lolo porcine, ʻaʻole mālama ʻia ka mana o ke koko a me ka metabolism i ka mahana, a ua maʻalahi ka lolo o ka porcine i loko o ka ʻO ke ʻano o ka cylinder no ka simulation. ʻO nā ʻāpana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka simulation ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma ka Papa 1. ʻO nā pihi paʻa i hōʻike ʻia ma Fig.5 nā puʻupuʻu mahana radial simulated e pili ana i ke kikowaena ablation ma ka ʻili o ka ʻiʻo no nā irradiation ʻokoʻa ʻeono. nā lōʻihi. Hōʻike lākou i kahi kiʻi wela Gaussian mai ke kikowaena a hiki i ka ʻaoʻao. Ua ʻike ʻia mai Fig.5 i ka ʻikepili hoʻokolohua agrce maikaʻi me nā hopena i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. piʻi ke kūlana ablation e like me ka piʻi ʻana o ka lōʻihi o ka irradia-tion no kēlā me kēia irradiation.55C, 'o ia ho'i, e mau ana nā pūnaewele i nā 'āpana 'ōma'oma'o （T<55C） o nā pihi ma Fig.5. Ka wahi melemele o kēlā me kēia pihi（55C60C）。 Ua hiki ke nānā 'ia ma Fig.5 i ka simulated ablation radii ma T=60°Care0.774,0.873,0.993,1.071,1.198and 1.364 mm, e like me, no ka irradiation lōʻihi o 1,2,4,6, 10, a me 20s, oiai o ka radii ablation simulated maT=55C he 0.805,0.908,1.037,1.134,1.271, a me 1.456 mm, ma ke ano. 2.394,3.098,3.604,4.509, a me 5.845 mm2 no 1,2,4,6,10 a me 20s o ka irradiation. a me 0.027 mm2. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāpana ablation laser a me nā ʻāpana pōʻino koʻikoʻi me ka lōʻihi o ka irradiation. ʻo 8.17%, 8.18%, 9.06%, 12.11%, 12.56%, a me 13.94% no nā manawa irradiation like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi, he liʻiliʻi ka hōʻino collateral o nā ʻiʻo ablated.Hōʻike ka ʻikepili a me nā hopena simulation e hāʻawi kēia laser compact, mana kiʻekiʻe, all-solid-state 6.45 um ZGP-OPO i ka hoʻopau pono ʻana o nā ʻiʻo biological. MIR pulsed 6.45 um kumu laser e pili ana i kahi ns ZGP-OPO. Ua loaʻa ka mana awelika kiʻekiʻe o 1.53 W me ka mana kiʻekiʻe o 3.65kW a me kahi kumu kumu maikaʻi beam awelika o M2=1.19. Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia 6.45 um MIR radiation, a Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻokolohua hōʻoia ʻana o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka laser ablation. No ka manawa mua. Ke hōʻoia nei kēia mau hopena i kā mākou papa MIR pulse laser ma 6.45 um e hāʻawi i ka ablation maikaʻi o nā tissucs olaola a hiki ke lilo i mea hana pono i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka ʻepekema olaola, no ka mea hiki ke hoʻololi i kahi FEL nui e like mehe scalpel laser.